Surgery in nonhuman primates is a critical aspect of biomedical research, and certain fundamental principles apply regardless of the specific procedure being performed. Adherence to these principles is essential for ensuring successful outcomes. This chapter outlines the basic concepts of surgery and perioperative nursing, beginning with the principles of asepsis, disinfection and infection control. It then introduces core surgical practices, including the roles of the surgical team, appropriate attire, establishment of sterile fields and wound management. An overview of the commonly used surgical instruments is provided, followed by a section on implants with particular relevance to neurosurgery. A sample protocol for neurosurgical procedures is presented, which can be adapted to the requirements of individual facilities. Finally, the chapter discusses the most frequent complications encountered during surgery. A thorough understanding of these fundamentals by all personnel involved not only promotes animal welfare and safeguards staff but also supports the reliability and quality of scientific outcomes.