Aramid reinforced composites are widely used in advanced engineering applications due to their outstanding balance of mechanical and physical properties. Among these applications, the aerospace sector is one of the largest beneficiaries, particularly because of the low density, high tensile strength, superior impact resistance, and inherent fire-retardant behavior of aramid-based composites. Although aramid-based components are predominantly employed in anti-impact applications, their usage in primary and secondary aircraft structures has steadily increased. In this study, aramid-based components are overviewed by discussing their mechanical properties, with particular emphasis on tensile, fatigue, and impact behavior, as these are critical parameters in aerospace service environments. Furthermore, modifications and surface treatments applied to aramid fibers are investigated, highlighting their effects on composite performance. Beyond these fundamental characterizations, the review extends to practical aircraft components manufactured from aramid-based composites.