The rapid development of fifth-generation wireless communication systems has increased demand for high-performance antennas operating in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency range, particularly in the 28 GHz band. Microstrip patch antennas have emerged as a popular option due to their low profile, ease of integration with planar circuits, and suitability for beamforming and phased array applications. The latest advancements in patch antenna design specifically for 28 GHz applications are thoroughly reviewed in this study. Essential aspects of the design are methodically examined, such as the choice of substrate, feeding strategies, impedance matching, bandwidth expansion, and radiation efficiency. A detailed discussion is held on the difficulties posed by high-frequency losses, manufacturing tolerances, and miniaturization at mmWave frequencies. The usefulness of many novel approaches, including the use of advanced materials, metamaterials, substrate-integrated waveguides, and defected ground structures, in improving antenna performance is assessed. This study focuses on comparative studies of various antenna geometries, such as circular, rectangular, and novel-shaped patches, with an emphasis on their beam-steering capabilities, gain, and bandwidth. For academics and engineers working on the design and implementation of MPAs in 28 GHz 5G and beyond wireless systems, this study attempts to provide valuable insights by synthesizing the present state of the industry.