Paediatric Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
摘要
Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) encompasses daytime voiding disorders in children in the absence of congenital, anatomical or neurological abnormalities. Anticholinergics, such as oxybutynin, are the mainstay of therapy, especially for children under 12, while alternatives like tolterodine and solifenacin are occasionally used. Oral administration is most common, but transdermal and intravesical options provide alternatives for those experiencing side effects or unable to tolerate oral medications. Mirabegron may serve as an effective adjunct or alternative for children over 5, particularly when anticholinergics are ineffective. Alpha blockers like tamsulosin and doxazosin, though off-label, are utilised for functional bladder outlet obstruction. For severe cases, botulinum toxin A injections offer symptom relief, with repeat procedures necessary to maintain effectiveness.