Intravesical chemotherapy is a cornerstone adjuvant treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), primarily targeting residual tumours post-resection and preventing urothelial reimplantation. Mitomycin C is the most frequently employed agent in the UK and is particularly effective at reducing recurrence in low and intermediate-risk NMIBC. Anthracyclines, including doxorubicin, epirubicin, and valrubicin, function by inhibiting topoisomerase II and generating free radicals that induce DNA damage. Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine antimetabolite, and docetaxel, a taxane that stabilises microtubules, are increasingly used in BCG-refractory disease.