Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic agent. It is commonly used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia, procedural sedation and analgesia. Ketamine acts as a direct N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist within the central nervous system (CNS). This results in blockade of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Ketamine has been increasingly used as a recreational drug due to its psychomimetic effects. However, long term recreational use of the drug can have several effects on the urinary system, most notably ketamine induced cystitis (KIC). KIC is characterised by urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, haematuria and, at the extreme, hydronephrosis and renal failure.