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Iraq faces critical environmental challenges, particularly land degradation and water resource management in its arid climate. Remote sensing (RS) technologies can monitor soil moisture and vegetation dynamics to address these issues, providing valuable insights into land cover changes and soil conditions. This study utilized Landsat, Sentinel-2, MODIS, and SMAP L4 satellite datasets to analyze soil moisture and vegetation cover in the Babylon, Basra, and Mosul governorates. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) assessed vegetation changes, while geographic information system (GIS) platforms enhanced data analysis and visualization. Significant variability in soil moisture was observed across the regions, influenced by climatic and environmental factors. Babylon experienced fluctuations in soil moisture, Basra showed higher moisture levels likely due to irrigation, and Mosul exhibited high variability and consistently low vegetation cover. NDVI data indicated increased vegetation in Babylon due to improved agricultural practices but decreased cover in Mosul, highlighting distinct hydrological and ecological conditions across the regions. RS and GIS technologies play a crucial role in monitoring soil moisture and degradation in Iraq, providing valuable insights into land and water management strategies. The findings emphasize the need for effective water resource management and agricultural planning in Iraq's arid climate. Future research should focus on enhancing data availability and developing multi-scale analysis methods to further improve the monitoring and management of soil and water resources in Iraq.

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Satellite-Based Monitoring of Soil Moisture and Land Degradation in Iraq's Major River Systems

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Zahraa Khaled Al-Salihi,
  • Diaa F. Hassan,
  • Mustafa Qais Hamid,
  • Sajjad Hussain

摘要

Iraq faces critical environmental challenges, particularly land degradation and water resource management in its arid climate. Remote sensing (RS) technologies can monitor soil moisture and vegetation dynamics to address these issues, providing valuable insights into land cover changes and soil conditions. This study utilized Landsat, Sentinel-2, MODIS, and SMAP L4 satellite datasets to analyze soil moisture and vegetation cover in the Babylon, Basra, and Mosul governorates. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) assessed vegetation changes, while geographic information system (GIS) platforms enhanced data analysis and visualization. Significant variability in soil moisture was observed across the regions, influenced by climatic and environmental factors. Babylon experienced fluctuations in soil moisture, Basra showed higher moisture levels likely due to irrigation, and Mosul exhibited high variability and consistently low vegetation cover. NDVI data indicated increased vegetation in Babylon due to improved agricultural practices but decreased cover in Mosul, highlighting distinct hydrological and ecological conditions across the regions. RS and GIS technologies play a crucial role in monitoring soil moisture and degradation in Iraq, providing valuable insights into land and water management strategies. The findings emphasize the need for effective water resource management and agricultural planning in Iraq's arid climate. Future research should focus on enhancing data availability and developing multi-scale analysis methods to further improve the monitoring and management of soil and water resources in Iraq.