This study is based on the framework of the “Research progress on special series for the construction of geohazard prevention and control system in Yunnan Province, China”, and a systematic investigation and comprehensive evaluation of geological hazards in Fuyuan County, China. Using remote sensing interpretation, engineering geological mapping, drilling and monitoring techniques, the study comprehensively analyzed the types, distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of geological hazards in Fuyuan County. The survey results show that there is a total of 331 geological hazard sites in the county, including 219 landslides (66%), 66 ground collapses (20%), 39 collapses (12%), and 7 debris flows (2%). The study reveals that the development of geological hazards is influenced by the combined effects of topography and landform, rock and structural characteristics, rainfall, and anthropogenic engineering activities (especially mining activities), among which the collapse of mined-out areas accounts for 87.9% of all collapse disasters. This study identifies geological hazard-prone areas and hazardous areas based on detailed survey data and then proposes a comprehensive prevention system comprised of an “engineering governance + relocation avoidance + monitoring and early warning” approach, providing a scientific basis for the future prevention and control of geological hazards and land use planning in Fuyuan County. The research results also have important reference value for disaster prevention in similar geological conditions.