This chapter explores the enduring legacy of colonialism in Africa and the imperative to dismantle its structural, economic, cultural, and epistemic residues. Drawing from dependency theory, post-colonial studies, and Pan-African political thought, it examines how neo-colonial structures continue to shape African economies, institutions, and knowledge systems. The analysis incorporates critical insights from thinkers such as Walter Rodney, Samir Amin, Frantz Fanon, and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o to highlight the multifaceted nature of domination, from extractive financial systems and digital imperialism to the colonization of education and language. It also interrogates recent movements toward cultural revival, youth-led political resistance, and continental integration, particularly through frameworks like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The chapter concludes by articulating a vision of African sovereignty rooted not in nationalism alone but in collective cultural affirmation, economic self-reliance, and philosophical decolonization.