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This paper examines how the effectiveness of environmental policies varies across countries with different emission intensities and explores the role of renewable energy as a transmission channel. Using a balanced panel of 34 OECD countries over the period 1990–2020 and applying a panel quantile regression framework, we distinguish the impacts of market-based, non-market, and technology-support policies. The results reveal a strategic complementarity: market-based instruments are most effective in reducing emissions in low- and medium-emitting countries, whereas non-market and technology-support policies play a pivotal role in high-emission countries. These effects primarily operate through renewable energy consumption. Overall, the findings highlight that a successful low-carbon transition requires a well-calibrated mix of policy instruments, tailored to each country’s emission intensity and structural characteristics.

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The Effectiveness of Environmental Policies and the Role of Renewable Energy in Reducing CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Analysis of OECD Countries

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Rim Mansouri,
  • Said Tounsi

摘要

This paper examines how the effectiveness of environmental policies varies across countries with different emission intensities and explores the role of renewable energy as a transmission channel. Using a balanced panel of 34 OECD countries over the period 1990–2020 and applying a panel quantile regression framework, we distinguish the impacts of market-based, non-market, and technology-support policies. The results reveal a strategic complementarity: market-based instruments are most effective in reducing emissions in low- and medium-emitting countries, whereas non-market and technology-support policies play a pivotal role in high-emission countries. These effects primarily operate through renewable energy consumption. Overall, the findings highlight that a successful low-carbon transition requires a well-calibrated mix of policy instruments, tailored to each country’s emission intensity and structural characteristics.