Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) are a type of high-performing fiber reinforced cementitious material distinguished by high ductility and strain-hardening under tension. Unlike traditional concrete, ECC can withstand large deformations and multiple microcracks, making it a perfect material for applications that require durability and resilience. This review goes into a comprehensive detail about ECC, focusing on its mechanical properties, rheological behaviors, fiber types, the role of fly ash, the effect of high-range water-reducing admixtures, and its structural strengthening efficiency. This study highlights the potential of ECC in enhancing the durability and resilience of modern infrastructure. The mechanical properties of ECC including compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength are studied with respect to fiber percentages and types, which includes different fibers types such as polyvinyl alcohol, micro steel, and basalt fibers. The rheological behavior is also studied focusing on the workability and flowability that are influenced by the percentage of fly ash and quartz sand, the amount of the superplasticizer, and the fibers distribution. Using of the fly ash as cementitious binder is also studied focusing on the mechanical properties and workability. Additionally, the use of ECC in structural strengthening is explored, emphasizing how it enhances the flexural characteristics of reinforced concrete members. This paper addresses major research gaps and limitations, as well as recommendations for future initiatives in improving ECC mix designs and broadening structural applications.