This paper identifies and defines the structural and technical factors significantly determining the assessment of load-bearing capacity of road bridge structures. Effective bridge regulation and emergency response planning require reliable diagnostics regarding the technical integrity of key bridge elements, where precise definition of structural and technical parameters can substantially accelerate and standardize the process of load-bearing capacity assessment. Traditional inspection methods, however, are frequently burdened by uncertainty and subjectivity, thus limiting the accuracy and objectivity of decision-making processes. The paper analyzes technical and geometric parameters of bridge elements, threats impacting bridge structures, and discusses possibilities offered by modern diagnostic approaches. Special attention is given to the potential integration of fuzzy inference systems into extraordinary bridge inspection processes, which allow effective handling of vague, incomplete, and nonlinear data characteristic of real bridge inspections. The results confirm that incorporating structural and technical factors, as well as fuzzy approaches, into the assessment methodology significantly improves the reliability of bridge condition assessments. This supports effective crisis management and strengthens the overall resilience of transport infrastructure.