Arsenic contamination of groundwater remains one of the most severe environmental health crises in Bangladesh, where millions rely on tube wells (hand pumps) as their primary source of drinking water. Prolonged exposure to arsenic has been linked to a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, respiratory complications, and various cancers. Chronic ingestion also contributes to developmental disorders, impaired cognitive function, and increased risk of mortality. Despite mitigation efforts, more than 20 million people are still estimated to be exposed to unsafe arsenic levels, exceeding the World Health Organization’s guideline of 10 μg/L. This paper reviews the health impacts of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh through epidemiological studies, clinical evidence, and community-level surveys. Attention is given to vulnerable groups such as children and women, where intergenerational effects including low birth weight and developmental delays have been observed. The discussion further examines socioeconomic disparities, limited healthcare infrastructure, and the challenges of implementing sustainable safe-water alternatives in rural areas. By synthesizing current evidence, the study underscores the urgent need for integrated strategies combining technological innovation, policy enforcement, and community engagement. The findings highlight arsenic contamination not only as a public health emergency but also as a barrier to sustainable development in Bangladesh.