With the rapid development of information technology, artificial intelligence, especially deep learning technology, has penetrated into various fields of social economy, and has also had a profound impact on the field of education. As an important position to cultivating technical talents, vocational education is imperative. This paper aims to explore how to promote the teaching reform of vocational education based on deep learning algorithm to improve the teaching quality and cultivate high-quality talents who meet the social needs. MATLAB simulation shows that under certain evaluation criteria, the evaluation accuracy and efficiency of the reform mechanism of vocational education teaching by deep learning algorithms are better than those of traditional vocational education models.