In the education system of the 21st century, physical education, as an important part of the comprehensive development of students’ physical and mental health, has become increasingly prominent. However, the traditional physical education teaching mode often faces a series of challenges. First of all, the teaching content and methods are often too simple to meet the diversified needs of students. Secondly, teachers rely on subjective evaluation when evaluating students’ skill development and progress, and they are lack of objective and quantitative basis. Moreover, the uneven distribution of educational resources leads to the significant differences in the quality of physical education between different regions and schools. In addition, how to stimulate the enthusiasm of students to participate in sports activities, and how to effectively deal with the safety problems in physical education, is also an urgent problem to be solved in the current physical education teaching. MATLAB simulation shows that the effective teaching behavior model based on data and algorithm can study the effective teaching behavior of physical education under certain evaluation criteria The accuracy and effectiveness of teaching behavior are better than those of traditional effective teaching behavior research.