Chest computed tomography (CT) is currently widely recognized as the third most commonly performed CT scan in clinical practice, after abdominal and brain CT. Radiologists are responsible not only for thoroughly reviewing the whole image of a performed study and addressing the clinical question, but also for detecting incidental findings—ranging from simple curiosity or normal variant to more significant lesions that may require urgent intervention. In this chapter, we review the most common non-gated chest CT protocols as well as common chest CT artifacts and diagnostic pitfalls, which if unrecognized, may dangerously obscure or mimic disease and result in inappropriate management or unnecessary additional testing.