Various theories have been used to explain energy policymaking. These theories usually have multiple, restrictive assumptions on behaviors with past applications predominately in developed economies with democratic governments. For cross-national studies including developing countries or countries with non-democratic governance structures, these theories have limited application. In this discussion, four theories with past applications to energy policymaking are discussed. An alternative framework targeted at energy is introduced. The alternative has the advantage of no assumptions concerning behaviors of decision-makers and flexibility of application.