Energy policymakers in Saudi Arabia are developing strategies for dealing with climate action, which threatens the kingdom’s oil export-dependent economy. The global oil market’s largest supplier has adopted some of the ambitions of the global climate regime, finding that enacting efficiency measures can address its Paris goals, while simultaneously serving domestic priorities of reducing growth in oil demand. The kingdom is also recalibrating its strategy for future participation in the oil business, emphasizing low-emission and non-combustion uses for crude oil. Over the long term, the monarchy’s survival hinges on its ability to find new niches in a business that has sustained it for nearly a century.