In view of the problem that the working face of the “110” method of the working face of the close-range composite roof is affected by the space-retaining pressure and the surrounding rock deformation is serious, theoretical analysis and on-site measurement research methods are adopted to study the deformation mechanism of the surrounding rock along the sky-retaining tunnel and the appearance of the ore pressure under the superposition of multi-source stress. The research results show that the mechanical model of load transfer and bottom plate of coal columns was established on the overlying working face, which reveals the mining stress, coal column bottom plate stress and composite top plate height stress induced by the rock formation motion of the overlying working face. The composite damage mechanism of repeated dynamic load on the surrounding rocks is quantified by the calculation formula of surrounding rock stress and impact range under the coal column. The spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of surrounding rock deformation are revealed, that is, the dynamic pressure impact distance along the air-retaining tunnel of the 12314 work faces the 12413 working face is 372 m, and based on this, a differentiated single-body shed support scheme is proposed to reduce the maximum deformation of surrounding rocks by 63%. The study provides a useful reference for the deformation control of surrounding rocks in the coal-free column mining tunnel under similar conditions.