This book provides a detailed empirical analysis of how transitional justice can be discussed in ongoing ethnic conflicts, in non-transitional cases, by focusing on grassroots justice actors. This bottom-up examination offers a broad picture of what justice and truth mean when there is no formal transitional justice framework. However, this book’s intent is not only to extend the mainstream transitional justice’s borders towards covering ongoing conflicts or to simply say that civil society usually leads justice practices when a state is unwilling to do so. It aims to contribute to understanding complex, heterogeneous, and dynamic civil society spaces for transitional justice in unconventional contexts. Civil society efforts focusing on an established transitional justice process have different features from those for the establishment of transitional justice prospectively, yet existing frameworks for studying civil society mobilization in an aparadigmatic context need more empirical and conceptual work (Stokke & Wiebelhaus-Brahm, 2022). The first challenge is how to map transitional justice actors when there is no formal process and, relatedly, how to perceive civil society space using a transitional justice framework. This is because, in the vacuum of an established transitional justice process, formal mechanisms pin certain actors in the broad civil society sector in a country. These are usually professional human rights NGOs or legal-based organizations. This conventional understanding of civil society is inadequate and limited when examining aparadigmatic country cases. Building on these recent studies on alternative approaches to civil society in aparadigmatic contexts (Alıcı, 2024; Destrooper et al., 2023; Durdiyeva, 2023; Herremans & Bellintani, 2023), I benefit from Gready and Robins (2017) idea of ‘justice in transition’, which ‘seeks to understand how individuals and communities engage with needs, rights, customs, community, agency and mobilization, and how they contest continuities of injustices and seek justice in their local environment and regarding the state’ (Gready & Robins, 2017, p. 957). This helps me to understand how both justice and transition are dynamic, diverse, and contextual. Thus, the civil society space for transitional justice includes not only human rights associations but also unconventional actors, such as a leftist association who have shaped a transitional justice space in Turkey.