With increasing life expectancy, age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Spinal muscular atrophy, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease, are becoming more common. These disorders involve progressive loss of neurons, leading to motor and cognitive decline. Electrophysiological recordings are key to studying how brain activity is disrupted in these conditions. Animal models, including spontaneous mutants, genetically modified mice and injury-based systems, allow researchers to examine neural function from simple reflexes to complex behaviors during learning processes or during sleep-wake cycle. Using in vitro and in vivo techniques, scientists can track changes in neuronal activity during disease progression and try to develop promising therapeutic strategies. This chapter reviews the methods for conducting electrophysiological recordings in animal models, from electrode preparation to data analysis, emphasizing result interpretation. By summarizing current approaches and findings, it aims to support further research into the mechanisms and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.