A Reluctant Spender with a Focus on the South: Spain and European Defence
摘要
Spain’s strategic vision on defence combines NATO alignment with a push for European autonomy. Its army possesses non-negligible capabilities, although constrained by budgetary limitations and a cautious public attitude toward more spending due to a low-threat perception or ‘green’ under the traffic light analogy. Yet, Spain does acknowledge that the continent as a whole is at risk and, shaped by its geographical context, pursues a comprehensive ‘360-degree’ security approach. This entails a broader definition beyond the military sphere, while ensuring that strong support for Ukraine and Eastern allies against Russia does not neglect the need also to uphold Southern stability. Spain promotes much stronger EU military-industrial integration compatible with transatlantic cooperation, even if relations with the Trump administration are chilly.