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Histopathologic evaluation is a longstanding cornerstone in the diagnosis of melanoma. Advances in genetics and molecular pathology have revealed a complex network of mutated proteins in melanoma that drive an increasing number of signaling pathways related to proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Identification of alterations in genes such as BRAF, NRAS, C-KIT, PTEN, BAP1, GNAQ/GNA11, ALK, NTRK, and TERT has led to the development of targeted therapies that have improved outcomes and survival in these subsets of melanoma patients. Additionally, the advent of immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint signaling such as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has revolutionized treatment of advanced and refractory melanomas. Identification of biomarkers from tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important technique in identifying these genetic alterations. This chapter examines the utility of IHC in assessing the status of biomarkers with therapeutic implications for melanoma patients.

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Molecular Biomarkers Applied to Treatment of Melanoma Patients

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Riyad N. H. Seervai,
  • Woo Cheal Cho,
  • Jonathan L. Curry

摘要

Histopathologic evaluation is a longstanding cornerstone in the diagnosis of melanoma. Advances in genetics and molecular pathology have revealed a complex network of mutated proteins in melanoma that drive an increasing number of signaling pathways related to proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Identification of alterations in genes such as BRAF, NRAS, C-KIT, PTEN, BAP1, GNAQ/GNA11, ALK, NTRK, and TERT has led to the development of targeted therapies that have improved outcomes and survival in these subsets of melanoma patients. Additionally, the advent of immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint signaling such as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has revolutionized treatment of advanced and refractory melanomas. Identification of biomarkers from tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important technique in identifying these genetic alterations. This chapter examines the utility of IHC in assessing the status of biomarkers with therapeutic implications for melanoma patients.