Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a posterior spinal fusion technique developed to achieve circumferential (360°) fusion through a unilateral approach. It was introduced as an alternative to anterior lumbar procedures to reduce associated morbidity while maintaining high fusion rates. TLIF is primarily indicated for conditions such as symptomatic degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis (isthmic and degenerative), recurrent disc herniations, and pseudoarthrosis. It is particularly useful in patients with anterior column deficiencies and comorbidities that may compromise fusion success. The procedure involves a posterior midline approach, pedicle screw fixation, decompression, discectomy, endplate preparation, and interbody cage insertion. It concludes with rod placement, construct compression, posterolateral fusion, and layered closure. TLIF offers a single-stage solution with reduced neural retraction and risk of complications. It achieves anterior and posterior fusion, enhances neuroforaminal height, and improves biomechanical stability. Compared to posterolateral fusion alone, TLIF shows superior outcomes in pain reduction and fusion rates. Despite its benefits, TLIF carries risks such as incidental durotomy, pseudoarthrosis, and adjacent segment disease. Proper technique, endplate preparation, and cage positioning are critical to success and minimizing complications. TLIF is a versatile and effective technique for treating lumbar spine disorders, with high fusion rates and adaptability for deformity correction when combined with advanced surgical strategies.