Traumatic injuries to the lumbar spine are frequently encountered by the practicing spine surgeon. These injuries can be complex, encompassing a wide range of patterns that require a diverse set of treatment strategies. The lumbar spine plays a critical biomechanical role in weight-bearing while maintaining mobility. The transition from the rigid thoracic spine to the more flexible lumbar region makes the lumbar spine and thoracolumbar junction particularly susceptible to trauma. The various classification systems assist with injury characterization and treatment decisions. Injury severity ranges from nondisplaced fractures managed non-operatively to high-energy fractures with ligamentous and neurologic compromise requiring surgical intervention. Effective management necessitates a thorough understanding of spinal biomechanics, available imaging modalities, classification schemes, surgical indications, and potential complications. Treatment approaches, both surgical and non-surgical, emphasize restoration of alignment, structural stability, and neural decompression when indicated. Surgical techniques range from open approaches to minimally invasive methods. This chapter provides a contemporary review of lumbar spine trauma for spinal clinicians.