Future Directions in Conduction System Pacing
摘要
Conduction system pacing (CSP) represents the most physiological form of ventricular stimulation, with growing adoption worldwide. However, its widespread implementation still faces technical, educational, and technological challenges. Future directions in CSP will focus on improving lead design, sheath ergonomics, and the integration of three-dimensional mapping and artificial intelligence to enhance precision and reproducibility. Non-invasive imaging, ultra-high-frequency ECG, and remote electrogram monitoring will optimize patient selection and ensure long-term conduction capture verification. Dedicated training programs and multicenter collaboration will be essential to standardize procedures and outcomes. By combining advanced technology, data-driven analysis, and clinical education, CSP is poised to become the new standard of physiological pacing across bradycardia, heart failure, and conduction disease indications.