Soil erosion is the most serious form of land degradation and it threatens agricultural productivity, food security, water quality and ecosystem resilience. In India, erosion is exceeding sustainable limits across 68.76% of the geographical area, with an average loss of 16.82 t ha⁻1 yr⁻1. This chapter has examined the causes, processes, impacts and control of erosion across the agricultural eco-zones in India. Erosion can be exacerbated by natural processes, including rainfall intensity, slope, soil texture, wind speed and by human activities like deforestation, land use change, agriculture and urbanization. Erosion takes many shapes including splash, sheet, rill, gully, wind, coastal, and glacial erosion. Key terms including erosivity, erodibility and energy budgets were discussed to help explain levels of risk to soil loss. The modelling approaches paper showed a diversity of approaches including empirical approaches including USLE, RUSLE and MUSLE, process based approaches including WEPP and LISEM and data-driven approaches using artificial intelligence (ANN and SVM) to predict soil loss and assist design interventions. Remote sensing, GIS and drones have advanced the field defence and growth of spatial mapping and monitoring. Emerging challenges are surfaced around climate change and urbanization. Emerging frameworks and modes of governance addressing natural resource use encourage data-driven, participatory and place-based approaches to sustainable soil and land management.