Agroforestry is the method of combination farming by trees with crops and/or livestock within the same land area. It has developed into an innovative method for soil conservation and sustainable land management. This chapter examines the historical foundations of agroforestry with its ecological importance, and practical uses in addressing land degradation and erosion. Approximately 68.76% of India’s territory under risk of erosion and beyond sustainable limits. Agroforestry offers a comprehensive solution by improving soil structure, minimizing runoff, stabilizing slopes, and restoring organic matter. Various agroforestry systems like agrisilviculture, silvopasture, agrosilvopastoral systems, and home gardens are examined for their flexibility across different agro-climatic regions. It is also including outlines of biophysical processes including canopy interception, root stabilization, nutrient cycling, and microclimate control, coupled with RS-GIS and AI-based planning. It also explores institutional frameworks, policy measures such as India’s National Agroforestry Policy (2014), and programs like SMAF, IWMP, and MGNREGA that promote adoption. Finally, incorporating agroforestry into watershed management, check dams, bunding, and gully control illustrates its compatibility with additional conservation methods. This emphasizes that agroforestry is not simply a farming technique but a comprehensive land-use framework for climate adaptation, rural economies, and ecological sustainability.