The increasing occurrence of microplastics in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments has become an essential issue of global concern requiring a concerted scientific, regulatory, and social reaction. Although significant developmental progress has been achieved in the fields of detection, characterization, and removal technologies, the lack of harmonized policies and standard methodologies remains a hindrance to the development of mitigation and regulation. This chapter examines the evolving policy frameworks in international, regional, and national contexts, regulatory gaps, and variations in implementation mechanisms. It considers the ongoing attempts to standardize their sampling procedures, detection limits, and toxicity tests, with an emphasis on the relevance of uniform methods in terms of comparability and risk evaluation. Moreover, the chapter also provides future directions, such as the implementation of circular economy principles, the use of green technologies, and how interdisciplinary collaboration can be leveraged to develop effective governance. This chapter brings together scientific data and policy-making to underscore the importance of establishing an international response, working across sectors, and implementing flexible controls that can reduce the threat of microplastics and protect the environment and human health.