Mutation means sudden heritable changes of an organism and this change is continuing spontaneously in the living world with a very low frequency both in oligogenic and polygenic traits. However, it is mainly found in oligogenic traits. In crop improvement programme, mutation breeding techniques are widely applied where lack of variation present among the entire gene pool. The variation can be created either by using physical or chemical mutagen to quick develop large variable population within short period of time. Mutation breeding is an excellent application of agricultural crops which of cost-effective, environment-friendly without losing its quality traits. Enormous varieties have been released through this breeding technique in cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibre crops, fruit crops and ornamentals in India. In future, this breeding technique will play a crucial role in yield, quality and disease-resistant, improved physiological traits for climate resilient and sustainable agriculture ensuring the food security.