Sugarcane is a critical crop for global sugar and bioenergy production. The genetic improvement of sugarcane is challenging due to complex polyploidy, long breeding cycles, and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses. This chapter explores the transformative potential of induced mutagenesis and somaclonal variation as tools for advancing sugarcane breeding. Induced mutagenesis, employing chemical or physical agents, offers a viable solution by harnessing ability to create novel genetic variation, while somaclonal variation utilizes natural diversity arising from tissue culture processes. Together, these techniques have successfully contributed to improvements in traits such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and agronomical parameters. This chapter explores the methodologies, advantages, and applications of induced mutagenesis and somaclonal variation in sugarcane breeding. Furthermore, it highlights the prospects of integrating these methods with modern genomic tools, such as CRISPR-based editing for the development of superior sugarcane varieties. Key challenges, including the stability of variations and advantages of these techniques, are critically analyzed to provide a balanced perspective. This chapter illustrates the pivotal role of induced mutagenesis and somaclonal variation in shaping the future of sugarcane breeding for sustainable agriculture. It aims to provide researchers and breeders with insights and actionable strategies for exploiting these tools in the pursuit of resilient and high-performing sugarcane varieties.