Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple food crop which serve as important food source for more than half of the global population. Improving grain quality, along with production, remains a primary concern to meet the food demands of the world’s growing population. Methods for crop improvement were needed now more than ever due to the continuous push to enhance the quality of grains as well as yield in rice. Mutation breeding, which involves inducing genetic changes in plants using different mutagens to improve plant varieties, has been proven to be an effective tool in plant improvement. Unlike traditional breeding, mutation breeding can add variety to a crop without changing the genetic background of the successful variety. To understand the process of mutation breeding, this case study focuses on exploring the relationship between mutation breeding and yield and quality improvement in rice. The findings supported the utilization of mutation breeding as a viable and efficient approach to manage both concerns with stable rice food supply and the need for qualitative improvement of rice.