Even though the world is currently going through a rapid phase of agricultural expansion, concerns about food security persist. The demands of an exponentially expanding population will require 70% more food by 2050. We need to improve our current crop varieties’ genetic diversity, climate change adaptation, input efficiency, high yield, nutritional value, and ability to adapt to different agro-ecosystems without causing environmental harm if we want to escape this dilemma. Mutation breeding also known as induced mutation is one of the several breeding methods used to enhance the genetic variation among crop species and develop many different varieties of crop plants. Mutation breeding over the past 50 years has become increasingly prevalent. Both chemical and physical mutagens alter the genetic makeup of crops which brings crops with novel characteristics. By the use of mutation induction, there is an enhancement of nutritional quality of crop species and their production increases and the adaptability of the most significant crops in the world, including oilseeds, pulses, millets, wheat, and rice increases. Commercially released mutant cultivars have undoubtedly contributed significantly to the resolution of food and nutritional security issues in numerous nations, as seen by the overall area they cover. By creating mutants through the irradiation of in vitro grown tissues, it is now possible to treat vast populations in a way that was previously impossible. This method speeds up the selection of desired features and increases the gene pool, which enhances traditional breeding.