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The rising tide of environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and organic waste accumulation underscores a global crisis in energy and nutrient management. Agriculture, urbanization, and industrial systems continue to generate vast quantities of biomass and solid waste, while depleting finite nutrients such as phosphorus and exacerbating climate change through fossil energy dependence. Conventional approaches—like isolated anaerobic digestion, composting, and chemical precipitation—offer partial remediation but remain fragmented, resource-intensive, and contextually inflexible. In response, this chapter investigates combined and dynamic recovery systems that valorise natural resources, biomass, and solid wastes through intelligent and sustainable engineering. It reveals current solutions that vary from thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies to decentralized bio-CNG plants and microbial fuel cells, all designed to optimise resource intensities in agriculture and environmental infrastructure. Nutrient recovery technologies, including struvite precipitation and stripping off ammonia, are critically reviewed alongside nature-inspired systems such as constructed wetlands and bio-inspired platforms based on termite digestion. Digitalisation is presented as a transformational lever, facilitating AI-based waste diagnostics, nutrient mapping based on the Internet of Things, and simulation tools like Aspen Plus and SuperPro Designer to optimise scenarios. The socio-economic aspects are also examined, featuring community cooperatives, public–private collaboration, and facilitating policy regimes that encourage circular nutrient flows and regenerative development. Integrating ecological intelligence, technological innovation, and participation-based governance, the chapter provides a multi-disciplinary roadmap to future-proofed recovery systems. It conceives a shift from the linearity of waste disposal to modularity-based, data-driven ecosystems that regenerate energy, restore nutrients, and empower local economies. Based on in-depth case studies, modelling insights, and strategy analysis, this chapter provides actionable intelligence to the aim of climate-resilient, low-carbon infrastructure that aligns with the objectives of smart and sustainable infrastructure.

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Recovery of Energy and Nutrients from Natural Resources, Biomass, and Solid Wastes

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Shivani Sharma,
  • Gaurav Mudgal,
  • Vasantharekha Ramasamy,
  • Sanjoy K. Dhar,
  • Jaspreet Kaur,
  • Victor Atuchin

摘要

The rising tide of environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and organic waste accumulation underscores a global crisis in energy and nutrient management. Agriculture, urbanization, and industrial systems continue to generate vast quantities of biomass and solid waste, while depleting finite nutrients such as phosphorus and exacerbating climate change through fossil energy dependence. Conventional approaches—like isolated anaerobic digestion, composting, and chemical precipitation—offer partial remediation but remain fragmented, resource-intensive, and contextually inflexible. In response, this chapter investigates combined and dynamic recovery systems that valorise natural resources, biomass, and solid wastes through intelligent and sustainable engineering. It reveals current solutions that vary from thermochemical and biochemical conversion technologies to decentralized bio-CNG plants and microbial fuel cells, all designed to optimise resource intensities in agriculture and environmental infrastructure. Nutrient recovery technologies, including struvite precipitation and stripping off ammonia, are critically reviewed alongside nature-inspired systems such as constructed wetlands and bio-inspired platforms based on termite digestion. Digitalisation is presented as a transformational lever, facilitating AI-based waste diagnostics, nutrient mapping based on the Internet of Things, and simulation tools like Aspen Plus and SuperPro Designer to optimise scenarios. The socio-economic aspects are also examined, featuring community cooperatives, public–private collaboration, and facilitating policy regimes that encourage circular nutrient flows and regenerative development. Integrating ecological intelligence, technological innovation, and participation-based governance, the chapter provides a multi-disciplinary roadmap to future-proofed recovery systems. It conceives a shift from the linearity of waste disposal to modularity-based, data-driven ecosystems that regenerate energy, restore nutrients, and empower local economies. Based on in-depth case studies, modelling insights, and strategy analysis, this chapter provides actionable intelligence to the aim of climate-resilient, low-carbon infrastructure that aligns with the objectives of smart and sustainable infrastructure.