Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated gender disparities in mental health across the globe, although potential measurement and reporting biases must be taken into account. In this chapter, we explore gender differences in mental health within the broader framework of the social determinants of health. Intersections between gender and socioeconomic factors—such as segregated labor markets, unpaid care work, and single parenthood as a risk factor—contribute to differing exposures to socioeconomic hardships across genders. Evidence also suggests that certain life events and living conditions, such as marriage and job loss, have varying mental health impacts on women and men. Using the Covid-19 pandemic as a case study, we illustrate how these dynamics help to explain gender disparities in mental health.