The main cause of pollution is attributed to population increase, urbanization and industrial revolution through industrial activities such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, etc. The effluents generated from these industrial processes are discharged into nearby bodies of water such as rivers and lakes without prior treatment. The main pollutants present in various effluents are dyes, heavy metal ions, organic matter and microorganisms responsible of harmful effects on human health and aquatic systems. Several strategies have been applied for water remediation; however, they have presented some unsatisfactory results such as high cost, time consumption and high energy requirement. One way to achieve a sustainable solution in water treatments is through the development of new adsorbents from biomass that can efficiently remove a wide variety of contaminants; therefore, the application of nanotechnology principles by chemical modification with nanoparticles and functionalization of carbon materials is effectively applied. Recently, lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant interest as an alternative for the production of carbon-based adsorbents. Materials such as orange peel, rice straw, corncob, potato haulm, cereal straw, beech wood, sugarcane bagasse and others are considered precursors for carbon adsorbents. It is clear that innovating in the surface modification of carbon-based materials is required to increase the efficiency in the removal of various pollutants in water bodies and, at the same time, help the development of the circular economy through the generation of sustainable sources for wastewater treatment. The review in the present chapter cover recent advances in the lignocellulosic biomass valorization for carbon-based materials production and the water restoration. In particular, the pre-treatment of biomass, production techniques, inorganic materials for surface modification and the real impact this has on the circular economy and wastewater treatment are analyzed.