This chapter critically examines how climate change exacerbates global inequalities by disproportionately affecting marginalized populations across core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions. It situates climate vulnerability within the legacies of colonization, trade dependency, and unequal global governance, highlighting how the wealthiest nations that are historically responsible for most emissions but often try to evade accountability. In contrast, vulnerable nations confront the severest impacts. Drawing on World-Systems Theory, Climate Justice Frameworks, and Political Ecology, this chapter interrogates how power asymmetries, structural inequities, and technological divides reproduce cycles of environmental and socio-economic marginalization. Key issues explored include differential climate risks, adaptive capacity gaps, inequitable allocation of climate finance, and the persistence of colonial legacies that shape trade and environmental exploitation. The analysis reveals how multilateral climate agreements, often dominated by Global North interests, marginalize voices from the Global South, perpetuating governance and funding inequities. Attention is also given to emerging dimensions such as climate-induced migration, intergenerational vulnerabilities, and intersectional inequalities affecting women, Indigenous peoples, and low-income communities. This chapter advances pathways toward climate justice through reparative finance, South–South cooperation, inclusive governance, and the integration of Indigenous and local knowledge systems. By exposing how contemporary climate crises reinforce historical power imbalances, this chapter argues for systemic, equity-centered transformations in climate adaptation and mitigation. It calls for dismantling structural barriers in global governance and finance to ensure that climate action aligns with principles of justice, inclusivity, and sustainability for a more equitable global future.