This chapter analyzes how peripheral actors—Indigenous peoples, semi-free or unfree farmers, and climate justice movements—contest hegemonic climate governance and articulate justice-centered alternatives. Drawing on world-systems and decolonial political ecology, it traces how colonial dispossession, racialized extraction, and neoliberal agrarian restructuring have positioned these groups simultaneously as frontline victims of climate impacts and as architects of transformative solutions. The chapter synthesizes three interlocking modalities of resistance. First, Indigenous movements defend territorial sovereignty and cultural survival against mining, fossil fuel expansion, and conservation enclosures, while advancing Traditional Ecological Knowledge as a living infrastructure for adaptation, biodiversity protection, and low-carbon futures. Second, semi-free or unfree farmers’ mobilizations for food sovereignty confront corporate agribusiness, trade liberalization, land grabs, and seed privatization; through agroecology, cooperative economies, and networks such as La Vía Campesina, they scale local resilience into transnational struggle. Third, climate justice movements reframe climate change from a technical emissions problem to a reparative political project, pressing for equity, loss-and-damage accountability, and meaningful inclusion of marginalized voices in multilateral arenas. Across cases, the chapter shows that these movements disrupt “green growth” narratives, expose the distributive and procedural limits of market-centric policy, and secure concrete gains—from land rights recognition to agroecological policy uptake—yet remain constrained by repression, co-optation, and asymmetries in negotiating power. The chapter concludes that convergence among Indigenous, agrarian, and climate justice agendas—despite tensions over representation and strategy—creates a pluriversal politics capable of widening the horizon of a just transition beyond core-state priorities toward more democratic, locally grounded climate futures.