Marine litter has grown rapidly since the 1980s and now affects all major ocean basins, with early work by researchers establishing the scale, pathways and biological impacts of plastic pollution. This growing body of evidence shows that unmanaged waste disrupts marine ecosystems, threatens biodiversity and poses risks to fisheries and global nutrition. These concerns create a clear rationale for adopting Integrated Waste Management, which offers a coordinated, life cycle-based approach to reducing waste generation, improving segregation and recycling, and limiting the leakage of plastics and other contaminants into waterways and coastal environments. By applying circular economy principles and strengthening governance, IWM can reduce marine litter, protect habitats such as coral reefs and mangroves, support healthier fish stocks and improve the safety and reliability of seafood supply chains. The chapter argues that advancing IWM is essential for safeguarding ocean health and securing nutrition for populations that depend on marine resources, and concludes that integrated prevention, recovery and recycling strategies will play a central role in sustaining resilient and productive ocean based food systems.