Plastic pollution has emerged as a significant global challenge, impacting not only environmental integrity but also the foundations of food security across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. The persistent nature of plastics, ranging from macro plastics to microplastics, has led to their widespread accumulation in agricultural fields, aquaculture systems, and seafood supply chains, threatening the safety, nutrition, and sustainability of global food resources. Microplastics and associated chemical additives pose risks to human health by entering food webs and causing physiological stress in crops, livestock, and aquatic species. These contaminants degrade soil fertility, reduce crop yields, alter nutrient cycling, and directly influence food product quality. Plastics disrupt the socio-economic stability of communities reliant on agriculture and fisheries, exacerbating vulnerabilities in developing nations and contributing to global disparities in food access and nutrition. Tackling plastic pollution requires integrated, multidisciplinary approaches involving scientific innovation, robust policy frameworks, sustainable waste-management practices, and heightened consumer awareness. This chapter synthesizes current research, global trends, and policy interventions addressing plastic pollution’s multifaceted threats to food security, emphasizing the urgent need for coordinated global actions to mitigate plastic’s impact and safeguard resilient, safe, and nutritious food supplies for populations worldwide.