The Abandonment of Mutuality or of the Principle that Res Judicata Concerns Only the Litigating Parties
摘要
This chapter goes over the developments in American legal practice throughout the twentieth century that led to nonmutual collateral estoppel. It offers an in-depth account of the Supreme Court precedents that contributed to the transformation in estoppel doctrine and the abandonment of the requirement of mutuality of parties. Finally, it proposes a general framework of the law of nonmutual collateral estoppel according to such developments and indicates the points of concern that were left by the rejection of mutuality.