With the ongoing increase in the global population, water and wastewater treatment have become crucial to tackling the significant pollution of receiving reservoirs and the shortage of potable water. Wastewater treatment involves a range of unit operations that are physical, chemical, or biological in nature, aimed at removing or decreasing contamination or unwanted properties of water. In several water and wastewater treatment systems, materials are used; these can be Organic or inorganic. They play a key role in these treatments by offering efficient solutions to remove contaminants, disinfect, and reuse the resource. Green materials are being recognized as eco-friendly options for water and wastewater treatment solutions. Green materials are an alternative to traditional synthetic materials because of their biodegradability, renewable origin, and low toxicity traits. Green materials consist of natural-origin nanomaterials, biopolymers, and composites that enhance the adsorption and elimination of pollutants. The utilization of green synthesized nanomaterials, which possess excellent surface area, mechanical characteristics, notable chemical reactivity, and affordability with minimal energy use, is emphasized for the extraction of harmful substances and pollutants from water; extensive attention to these materials for industrial wastewater treatment and recovery is highlighted by recent progress in nanofabrication, including advanced and intelligent nanomaterials.