More testing doesn’t always mean better care. This chapter explores how to approach medical tests and screening with a mindset of thoughtful restraint—balancing early detection with the risks of overdiagnosis, false positives, and unnecessary follow-up. It offers a practical framework for deciding when to test, when to wait, and how to communicate those decisions clearly to patients. Through real-world examples and evidence-based guidelines, clinicians will learn to navigate the gray zones of testing with greater confidence and clarity. The goal isn’t to do more—it’s to do what matters most, for the right patient, at the right time.