Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions in children requires an understanding of how the growing skeleton may cause or react to stress, inflammation, and tumor-like processes. The purpose of this radiology focused review is to cover ten important pediatric and adolescent musculoskeletal radiology diagnoses that may be encountered in a routine general radiology practice that should not be missed, including adolescent hip dysplasia, osteomyelitis/septic arthritis, chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis, chondroblastoma, tenosynovial giant cell tumor, child abuse, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Salter-Harris injuries, spondylolysis, and osteoid osteoma.