Agile methodologies, rooted in adaptive and iterative frameworks have gained widespread adoption as a transformative approach to project management frameworks, offering greater flexibility, responsiveness, and stakeholder collaboration. However, cross-industry empirical studies leveraging computational methods to assess their impact on project performance remain underexplored. This study investigates the effects of Agile practices on key project management metrics—schedule achievement, cost containment, quality assurance, team dynamics, and risk mitigation—across 465 organizations in software development, healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and construction. Utilizing structured survey data and advanced statistical modeling, the research employs validated measurement models to analyze performance outcomes before and after Agile adoption. Findings reveal improved project delivery, decrease in the variance in budgeting, improvement in the capacity to resolve defects, and increased team satisfaction and involvement. In addition, the project risk exposure has been reported to be reduced and mitigation response has been observed to be accelerated across all sectors with the use of computational metrics such as sprint pace, earned value realization, and compliance indicators. These findings underscore Agile’s applicability beyond software-centric domains, adding value to complex, compliance-driven projects. The article adds to literature by demonstrating Agile’s role as a computationally informed, strategic approach that enhances technical efficiency and human-centric outcomes. It demonstrates the significance of Agile maturity, continuous learning and organizational culture for achieving sustained success in projects. The findings offer managerial implications for managers and policy-makers who seek to institutionalize data-driven Agile applications in heterogeneous work environments.