From Instrumental Intelligence to Transformational Wisdom: A Virtue-Based Profile of Good Thinking
摘要
This chapter argues that transformational wisdom does not rest on intelligence alone but also arises from a multi-trait profile of intellectual virtues and the ability to enact these virtues dynamically across contexts. Addressing complex global challenges requires more than intelligence; it depends on the integrated functioning of multiple virtues. Empirical studies with experts and lay participants identified 21 intellectual traits that group into five dimensions—curiosity, open-mindedness, rigor, creativity, and introspectiveness—that together form a good thinker profile. These dimensions align with key stages of information processing, offering a framework for how virtues support distinct phases of transformational thinking. Experience sampling data show that intellectual virtues are contextually activated rather than uniformly expressed, functioning as adaptive toolkits individuals draw on to meet situational demands and personal goals. This virtue-based profile approach has practical implications for education, leadership development, and cultivating transformational wisdom.