Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming science teaching and learning by enabling new ways to individualize instruction, automate teaching tasks, and engage students as active participants. Teachers can use AI to score essays, design instructional materials, and monitor collaborative learning, while students may interact with AI as a peer tutor or resource. Such applications offer potential for more self-directed learning and enhanced instructional efficiency. However, these benefits are accompanied by significant risks. Inaccurate scoring, overreliance on AI outputs, and opportunities for students to bypass genuine learning can undermine educational goals, fostering rote memorization rather than deep understanding. Responsible and ethical AI integration requires that teachers and students retain agency, critically evaluate AI-generated results, and understand that learning effort cannot be outsourced. This chapter illustrates AI’s impact in science classrooms through scenario-based examples, then examines how to avoid associated pitfalls. We argue that AI’s classroom use is inevitable and that its educational value depends on purposeful orchestration. Key recommendations include developing new instructional strategies, creating frameworks for human–AI collaboration, establishing clear policies and guidelines, and providing professional learning to build teacher competencies for ethical and effective AI use. Ultimately, responsibility lies with both teachers and students to ensure AI enhances, rather than replaces, meaningful learning.