This paper focuses on the seismic performance of the Tulou residential architectural heritage in Southeast China. By employing an interdisciplinary approach that integrates anthropology, geotechnical mechanics, architecture, and structural mechanics, the study explores the unique seismic resistance capabilities of these traditional buildings. Taking Shude Lou in Nanzhong Village, Hukeng Town, Yongding District, as a case study, the research combines field surveys, traditional construction technique investigations, and geotechnical mechanics experiments to analyze the mechanical properties of rammed earth materials. Finite element simulations are also conducted to assess the building’s seismic performance. The results indicate that the improved traditional rammed earth materials exhibit a more accurate elastic modulus. The unique structural layout of Shude Lou performs well in terms of seismic resistance, although the stiffness of the north wall is relatively weak. Modal analysis and seismic simulations show that the overall seismic performance of the structure is reliable under rare earthquakes, with only minor damage occurring to the northern part of the wall. Based on these findings, reinforcement recommendations are proposed, such as adding lateral supports and strengthening the connections of wooden structural nodes. This study, through its interdisciplinary approach, validates the scientific basis and seismic performance of the traditional rammed earth-wood hybrid structure. It provides a scientific basis for the conservation and reinforcement of Tulou buildings and offers valuable references for the modern application of traditional architecture.