India’s aridSemi-arid grazing lands andEcological patterns semi-aridResource dynamics grazing landsArid grazing lands areArid grazing lands ecologically vital yet face numerous challenges, including climate changeClimate change, overgrazingOvergrazing, and land degradationLand degradation. These regions, supporting diverse vegetation and rich biodiversityBiodiversity, provide essential resources for local livelihoodsLivelihoods, particularly through pastoralismPastoralism and the collection of non-timber forest productsNon-timber forest products. The vegetation typesVegetation types in these areas, classified by landforms and ecological zones, exhibit remarkable adaptability to harsh conditions. However, declining grassland productivityGrassland productivity and ecological healthEcological health due to overgrazingOvergrazing and soil degradationSoil degradation pose significant threats to their sustainabilitySustainability. This chapter examines the ecological patternsEcological patterns and resource dynamicsResource dynamics of India’s grazing lands, focusing on vegetation characteristics, grazing pressures, and the role of traditional knowledgeTraditional knowledge in land managementLand management. Key factors influencing grassland productivityGrassland productivity include climate, soil conditions, and grazing intensity. Sustainable managementSustainable management strategies, such as rotational grazingRotational grazing, agroforestryAgroforestry, and grassland restorationGrassland restoration, are essential to mitigate degradation and enhance ecosystem resilienceEcosystem resilience. The chapter underscores the need for a balanced approach integrating both traditional and modern practices to ensure the long-term viability of India’s arid and semi-arid grazingSemi-arid grazing lands landsArid grazing lands.