Roads and related infrastructures (e.g., underpasses) have diverse, and usually detrimental, impacts on wildlife health. Roads alter animal movement, which can facilitate disease dispersal and transmission; they provide access to remote areas, increasing contact between humans, their domestic animals, and novel pathogens; and they promote the spread of arthropod vectors. Litter and pollutants along roads can have direct and/or indirect effect on animals’ health. Carcasses of road-killed animals attract scavengers, also facilitating pathogen transmission. Conversely, in some cases, roads may act as physical barriers, limiting the spread of diseases. From a methodological perspective, carcasses of road-killed animals are useful for wildlife disease surveillance, and the presence of roads can serve as a proxy for human presence in epidemiological studies. In any case, our knowledge of how roads affect the health of wildlife is clearly insufficient.